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Authors: 超级管理员 | Edit: xingqiang
Similar to the global findings presented in Chapters 1 and2, rainfall—in terms of either abundance or lack of it—was a key variable forthe reporting period. The global maps for rainfall, temperature, PAR, andbiomass, presented in figures 3.1-3.4, show additional spatial detail at thenational and sub-national level for the largest countries.
For rainfall, when analyzed by country, the largest positivedeparture for RAIN from the recent thirteen-year average was recorded over theagricultural areas of Jordan (+126%) and a cluster of areas in south Americacentered around Paraguay (+110%) and including (Bolivia, +84%), states ofBrazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, +69%) and provinces of Argentina (figure 3.1).Compared to the recent thirteen-year average, the provinces of La Pampa, Catamarca,Cordoba, San Juan, Rio Negro, and Jujuy, had at least twice the average amountof rainfall. The rainfall benefited the crops of the current winter season;only limited areas reported floods. TEMP was average most of the time, but RADPARoften dropped by as much as 10%.
Figure 3.1. Global map of rainfall(RAIN) by country and sub-national areas, departure from 13YA (percentage),April-July 2014
In North America, areas where rainfall benefited the summerseason (with excesses in rain of +30% to +95%) include Saskatchewan, BritishColombia, and Manitoba in Canada, as well as Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota andArkansas in the United States. TEMP was slightly below average (above -1°C) andthe decrease in sunshine usually did not exceed 5%.
Two additional areas with high rainfall include parts ofcentral Europe and central Asia. In the first, floods were frequent and damagedsummer crops especially in Macedonia (RAIN +65%), Bulgaria (+51%), Serbia(+35%), and Bosnia-Herzegovina. The floods were brought about by a single, veryintense but short duration rainfall episode, except in Bulgaria and someneighboring Black Sea areas where two such events happened (see also section5.2). Less damaging to crops was high rainfall in Cyprus (+77%) and Turkey(+34%). The area enclosed between Switzerland to Austria, Romania, Turkey, andItaly was characterized by low RADPAR (-5 to -7%). In Asia, places to mentioninclude Kyrgyzstan (RAIN, +68%), Tajikistan (+51%), and some adjacent areas inChina (Qinghai, +70%; Jiangxi, +35%; Fujian, +32%; Inner Mongolia, +26%), andKazakhstan (Vostochno kazachstanskaya, +41%; Kyzylordinskaya, +36%).
Despite the excessive rainfallin many locations, the following areas experienced water stress:
· Sahel. In at least three Sahelian countries(Mali, -91%; Senegal, -27%; Gambia, -43%) rainfall was below average.Especially in Senegal and Gambia, the departures may point at a delayed onsetof the season and warrant a closer monitoring. In the central and easternSahel, conditions are more favorable with close to average or above averageprecipitation (RAIN usually around +10%, with a maximum of +51% in Niger).
· South America. In both the Brazilian Nordeste(Sergipe to Ceara; -30 to -40%) and in an area from Amapa (Brazil) to Venezuelaacross the Guianas (-40%), RAIN was below average. In the Brazilian Nordeste,this was combined with large temperature anomalies such as in Rio Grande do Norte(TEMP, +1.9°C).
· North America. Below average rainfall was seen forthe coastal areas in the western United States (Washington, Oregon andCalifornia, -30% to -40%) and eastern part of the country (Maine and New-Yorkto Georgia, about -10% for RAIN). For California, this was combined with thesecond largest positive temperature departure of all locations examined byCropWatch (+2.5°C).
· Mediterranean. Below average rainfall was reportedfor the western Mediterranean (-51% in Portugal, -39% in Spain, and about -30%in Algeria and Morocco).
· Africa. Below average rainfall occurred insouthern and eastern Africa up to Kenya and Uganda, with departures highest inthe south (-60% in South-Africa to -90% in Swaziland; -30% to -40% from Mozambiqueto Kenya).
· Russia. Most of Russia experienced belowaverage rainfall, with two areas in particular affected. The first area iscentered around Nizhegorodskaya Oblast, from Smolensk Oblast to Aktyubinskayain Kazakhstan; the second on the Oblasts of Tomsk, southern part of Krasnoyarskand Irkutsk, as well as bordering areas to the south.
· Eastern Asia. In particular Japan (-34%), theDemocratic People’s Republic of Korea (-48%), the Republic of Korea (-52%), andeastern China (Shandong, -31%; Henan -25%; Shaanxi, -22%; Laoning, -21% andHubei -16%) had below-average rainfall, mostly accompanied by low RADPAR.
· Australia and New Zealand. Both Southern Australia (RAIN about-20%) and New-Zealand (-40%) experienced below-average rainfall.
Only minor belowaverage departures of temperatures were observed during the reporting period(in Norway, Lebanon), which, in itself is remarkable. The largesttemperature anomalies are reported from Belize (+3.4°C), the middle-east (Syriaand Iraq, +2.2°C and +2.4°C respectively), in addition to the areas specifiedabove.
Country | Agroclimatic indicators | Agronomic indicators | ||||
Departure from 13YA (2001-13) | Departure from 5YA (2009-13) | Current | ||||
RAIN (%) | TEMP (°C) | RADPAR (%) | BIOMSS (%) | CALF (%) | Maximum VCI | |
Argentina | 72 | 0.5 | -8 | 37 | -0.7 | 0.83 |
Australia | -17 | 0.8 | -3 | -17 | 8.3 | 0.89 |
Bangladesh | 2 | 1.6 | 9 | 0.2 | -0.3 | 0.82 |
Brazil | 12 | 1.1 | -0.5 | 4 | -0.4 | 0.86 |
Cambodia | 43 | 1.0 | 3 | 13 | 4.7 | 0.85 |
Canada | 29 | 0.3 | -3 | 15 | 0.1 | 0.91 |
China | 10 | 0.7 | -2 | 3 | 1.6 | 0.87 |
Egypt | 60 | 0.2 | -0.3 | 49 | 2.8 | 0.84 |
Ethiopia | -10 | 0.3 | 1 | -2 | 4.9 | 0.76 |
France | -15 | -0.5 | -1 | -11 | 0.0 | 0.87 |
Germany | 4 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 8 | 0.0 | 0.87 |
India | 8 | 1.1 | 3 | -3 | 8.6 | 0.68 |
Indonesia | 3 | 0.7 | 2 | -5 | 0.0 | 0.88 |
Iran | -10 | 1.2 | -1 | -9 | 1.1 | 0.69 |
Kazakhstan | 5 | 0.0 | 1 | 4 | 2.2 | 0.74 |
Mexico | 5 | 0.4 | -2 | 9 | 2.1 | 0.80 |
Myanmar | -11 | 1.5 | 6 | -3 | 0.0 | 0.78 |
Nigeria | 4 | 0.4 | 1 | 6 | 5.5 | 0.76 |
Pakistan | -7 | 0.2 | -2 | 4 | 8.3 | 0.76 |
Philippines | 2 | 0.7 | 0.6 | -7 | 0.0 | 0.87 |
Poland | 12 | 0.4 | 1 | 8 | 0.0 | 0.88 |
Romania | 0.3 | -0.4 | -4 | 3 | 0.2 | 0.89 |
Russia | -12 | 0.1 | 3 | -5 | 4.1 | 0.87 |
South Africa | -60 | 0.3 | 3 | -54 | -12.6 | 0.83 |
Thailand | 6 | 1.0 | 6 | 4 | 0.3 | 0.88 |
Turkey | 34 | 1.1 | -2 | 4 | -6.7 | 0.76 |
United Kingdom | -10 | 0.3 | -3 | 2 | 0.0 | 0.91 |
Ukraine | -0.5 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 8 | 0.0 | 0.88 |
United States | 12 | -0.1 | -1 | 5 | 0.4 | 0.83 |
Uzbekistan | -5 | 0.4 | 1 | 2 | 0.7 | 0.68 |
Vietnam | 17 | 1.2 | -1 | 5 | -0.1 | 0.86 |