5.3 Focus: Central Asia

Overview

Thecountries most commonly grouped as “Central Asia” include Kazakhstan (KAZ),Kyrgyzstan (KGZ), Tajikistan (TJK), Turkmenistan (TKM), and Uzbekistan (UZB).They share many environmental and agricultural features with bordering areas inAfghanistan (AFG), China (CHN), Iran (IRN), and Russia (RUS) (Figure 1), aswell as Mongolia and Pakistan.

 “中亚”通常是哈萨克斯坦（KAZ），吉尔吉斯斯坦（吉尔吉斯），塔吉克斯坦（TJK），土库曼斯坦（TKM）和乌兹别克斯坦（乌兹别克斯坦）等国家的组合。他们和阿富汗（AFG），中国（CHN），伊朗，俄罗斯（RUS）（图1）以及蒙古和巴基斯坦在边境地区许多共同的环境和农业特点。

Figure 5.4. General setting andtopography of Central Asia

Note: AFG: Afghanistan; CHN: China;IRN: Iran; KAZ: Kazakhstan; KGZ: Kyrgyzstan;RUS: Russia;TJK: Tajikistan; TKM: Turkmenistan; and UZB: Uzbekistan. Blue dotsindicate major dams.The major water bodies are two lakes: the Caspian Sea(west) and the Aral Sea on the border between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan,represented by its maximum extent. Based on ETOPO1 data (NOAA, 2016).

注：AFG：阿富汗; CHN：中国; IRN：伊朗;哈萨克斯坦：哈萨克斯坦;吉尔吉斯斯坦：吉尔吉斯斯坦; RUS：俄罗斯; TJK：塔吉克斯坦; TKM：土库曼斯坦;和乌兹别克斯坦：乌兹别克斯坦。蓝点表示主要水坝。主要水体有两个湖泊：里海（西部）和乌兹别克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦之间的边界咸海，通过最大程度代表。基于ETOPO1数据（NOAA，2016年）。

Thefive countries range considerably in size and population, as well as—but lessso—in agricultural statistics (see table 5.3). Kazakhstan with 2.7 million km² isthe 8th largest country in the world, with an area about 6 times thatof Turkmenistan or Uzbekistan and fifteen times the size of Kyrgyzstan (190,000km²) or Tajikistan (143,000 km²). The most populated country in the region isUzbekistan, where the population density of 70 persons/km² is still comparablewith Tajikistan (61 persons/km²) but ten times larger than that for Kazakhstan.All five countries are predominantly agricultural with up to 50 percent ofemployment in that sector, supplying about one fifth of the countries’ GDP(less so in Kazakhstan, due to a large energy sector). In the region as awhole, cotton and wheat are the major crops, contributing to the countries’ GDPnext to mineral resources such as oil and gas (in Kazakhstan, in addition towheat), gold (in Kyrgyzstan, together with cotton and tobacco), aluminum (Tajikistan,with cotton and wheat), gas (Turkmenistan, with cotton), and again oil and gas forUzbekistan (together with cotton, for which the country is a leading exporter).

这五个国家的面积和人口差别相当大，而且，没有那么-农业统计（见表5.3）。哈萨克斯面积270万平方公里，是世界上第八大的国家，是土库曼斯坦或者乌兹别克斯坦的6倍，吉尔吉斯斯坦或塔吉克斯坦（143000平方公里）的十五倍（190,000平方公里）。该地区人口最多的国家是乌兹别克斯坦，70人/平方公里的人口密度，和塔吉克斯坦相当（61人/平方公里），但比哈萨克斯坦大十倍。五个国家的就业50％以农业为主，并提供约五分之一的国内生产总值（由于大量的能源部门，在哈萨克斯坦没有那么大）。该区域作为一个整体，棉花和小麦是主要的农作物，有助于提高国内生产总值的矿产资源，如石油和天然气（在哈萨克斯坦，除小麦），金（吉尔吉斯斯坦，与棉花和烟草一起），铝（塔吉克斯坦，棉花和小麦），气（土库曼斯坦，棉花），以及乌兹别克斯坦石油和天然气（棉花在一起，这是领先的出口国）。

Table 5.3. Basic descriptors of land,population, economy, and agriculture in Central Asia

表5.3 中亚土地、人口、经济和农业的基础描述

  KAZ KGZ TJK TKM UZB Year
Total population (thousands) 17,625 5,940 8,482 5,373 29,893 2015
Rural population (% of total) 44 62 74 50 63 2015
Agric. employed (% of total) 24 32 55 n.a. 39 1998-2013
Land area (LA, millionkm²) 2.70 0.19 0.14 0.47 0.42 2013
Arable land (AL) (% of LA) 11 7 6 4 10 2013
Irrigation (% of AL) 7 100 91 95 88 2004-12
Permanent pastures (% of LA) 69 48 28 68 52 2013
Forest (% of LA) 1 3 3 9 8 2013
Pop. density (km⁻²) 7 31 61 11 70 n.a.
Agricultural sector as% of GDP 5 15 21 14 18 2013
Monthly average wage US$ 696 425 247 717 521 n.a.

Note:Data from FAOSTAT; AQUASTAT 2016; Bucknall et al. 2003; ICG 2005; and USDA2010. Monthly average wage from UNECE 2016, except for TKM and UZB for which thevalue was estimated based on the regression of monthly average wage against IMF2016 gross domestic product (at purchasing power parity) per capita, i.e., thepurchasing power parity (PPP) in other CEI countries.

注释：数据来自粮农组织统计数据库; AQUASTAT，2016年;巴克纳尔等。 2003; ICG2005;美国农业部和联合国欧洲经济委员会从2016年2010年每月平均工资，除了TKM和乌兹别克斯坦的价值是基于对IMF2016年国内生产总值（GDP）的每月平均工资的回归为其估计（按购买力平价计算），即购买力在其他国家CEI平价（PPP）。

Agriculturein the region has undergone severe stress due to environmental conditions andthe socio-economic changes associated with the split of the Soviet Union, whichused to have large-scale collective and state farms coexisting with privatehousehold plots. After the early 1990s, a new category of mid-sized peasantfarms and "farmers" has developed, leading to rapidly changing demandfor agricultural commodities and traditional trade partners in the region andbeyond. Most of the countries are currently trying to diversify away fromcotton monoculture, a crop associated with a lot of social tensions andenvironmental problems, including the environmental and public health disasterrelated to lake called the Aral Sea (IGC, 2005).

农业在该地区有严重的压力，由于环境条件和与苏联的分裂相关的社会经济变革，它曾经有过大规模的集体农庄、国营农场和私人自留地共存。90年代初以后，中型农户和“农民”的新的发展，导致在该地区农产品的需求和周边的传统贸易伙伴瞬息万变。大多数国家目前正在尝试单一棉花多元化，作物和很多的社会紧张和环境问题也有联系，包括环境、公众健康灾难和湖泊相关，被称为咸海（IGC，2005）。

Overthe last four or five decades, the Aral Sea has lost three quarters of itsvolume due to the use of water for cotton irrigation. The water supply of theAral basin depends on rainfall in remote mountain areas through the Syr Darya,which flows from the melting of the Tien Shan glaciers in Kyrgyzstan, and theAmu Darya, which originates in the Pamir mountains of northern Afghanistan andsouthern Tajikistan (Figure 1 and Eric, 2012). Today, the Aral Sea is down toseveral small lakes, and its shrinking has been referred to as the “mostnotorious ecological catastrophe of human making” with the area nicknamed the“dustiest place on earth.” The Sea is now also a major source of toxic dust andaffects an area that far exceeds its immediate surroundings (Giles 2005;Oceanworld 2016).

在过去的四五十年，由于使用它的水灌溉棉花，咸海已失去其体积的四分之三。咸海流域的供水依赖于锡尔河偏远山区的降雨，从吉尔吉斯斯坦天山冰川的融化流出和阿姆河，它起源于阿富汗北部和南部塔吉克斯坦（图1和Eric，2012）的帕米尔山脉。今天，咸海下降到几个小湖，并与戏称为该区域的“人类造成的最臭名昭著的生态灾难”，其萎缩曾被称为“地球上灰尘最多的地方。”咸海现在还是毒粉尘的主要来源，影响远远超过其周围的几个直接区域（2005年贾尔斯;海洋世界2016）。

Irrigationhas not only been a problem for the Aral Sea, but in general irrigationinfrastructure in the Central Asia region has been deteriorating rapidly; inUzbekistan for example, 70 percent of water is lost. Some estimates put thecost of the rehabilitation of the irrigation system at 40 billion US$ for theregion. Due to water logging and salinization, at least 10 percent of land hasgone out of production over the last decade (ICG 2005).

灌溉不仅在咸海地区是一个问题，在中亚地区的一般农田水利基础设施已迅速恶化; 例如在乌兹别克斯坦， 70％水丢失。有人估计，该地区灌溉系统的康复费用在400亿美元。由于水涝和盐碱化，在过去十年至少有10％的土地已经脱离生产（ICG2005）。

Evenwith more efficient and sized down irrigation systems, it is unlikely that theSea will ever regain its past extent, as policies change and hydropowerincreasingly competes with agriculture for water resources (Dixon 2001, Motamedet al 2013, and LOC 2014). In addition, policies now need to be nationalpolicies from the different countries, which is much more difficult tocoordinate than when the area was under Soviet rule. This creates additionalstress, particularly in the Fergana Valley region, which is split betweenKyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. The Valley (5 percent of the area ofCentral Asian countries) is a major source of food (wheat, cotton, rice,vegetables, and fruit) for the region, but also concentrates 25 percent ofpopulation, resulting in the highest population density in the regionwith morethan 600 people/km² (Stratfor, 2013). Border problems have erupted in the pastand cannot be excluded in the future, particularly when considering thepresence of numerous enclaves and stressed environmental resources.

即使有更高效和尺寸下的灌溉系统，随着政策的变化和水电与农业水资源日益竞争，咸海永远不可能重现昔日的程度，（2001年狄克逊，Motamed等人2013年，和2014年LOC）。此外，政策现在需要从不同的国家，比在苏联统治下更为困难，协调国家政策。这就产生附加应力，特别是在费尔干纳山谷地区，这是吉尔吉斯斯坦，乌兹别克斯坦和塔吉克斯坦之间的分裂。这个谷（中亚国家面积的5％）是该地区食品的（小麦，棉花，水稻，蔬菜和水果），一个主要来源，也集中25％的人口，人口密度最高的区域有超过600人/平方公里（Stratfor的，2013年）。边境问题在过去爆发，考虑众多的飞地的存在，强调环境资源尤其不能排除在未来。

Thepost-Soviet recession in the region is now fading due to economic restructuringand foreign investment, but monthly average wages are still low byinternational standards (as low as US$247 per month in Tajikistan; table 5.3), evenif undernourishment is moderate, with values close to or below 5 percent (FAO,2012).

该地区的后苏联经济衰退正在消失，虽然有经济结构的调整和外国投资，但每月的平均工资仍然低于国际标准（低至每月$247塔吉克斯坦;表5.3），即使营养不良程度适中，也有接近或低于5％（FAO，2012）。

Agriculturalenvironment

农业环境

Withthe exception of a few high mountain ranges, most of the region suffers adeficit of rainfall over potential evapotranspiration (PET) (figure 5.5), with aridityincreasing from north to south along with average temperature. Although the regionhas winter rains, they are most abundant in areas in the north of Kazakhstan thatare usually too cold to grow winter crops. As a result of the aridity, mostagricultural land in the smaller countries is irrigated, while in Kazakhstan, whichproduces little cotton but sizeable amounts of exportable wheat, only 7 percentof the agricultural land is under irrigation. In line with mostly semi-aridclimatic conditions, livestock plays a major role in all five countries, andagriculture includes typical drought staples such as millet and sorghum.Figures 5.6a and b illustrate the distribution of wheat, barley, and potatoes,as well as irrigated land in the region.

随着一些高山脉外，大部分地区遭受降雨量超过潜在蒸发量（PET）（图5.5），干旱以及平均温度从北向南逐步增大。虽然该地区有甘雨，他们在哈萨克斯坦北部是最丰富的，通常种植冬季作物太冷。由于干旱的结果，在较小的国家的大多数农田是灌溉的，而在哈萨克斯坦，产生的棉花不多，但数量庞大的小麦出口，只有7％的农业用地得到灌溉。

在半干旱气候条件线，在所有五个国家畜牧业起着的重大作用，而且包括农业干旱的典型主食，如小米和高粱。图5.6A和B说明小麦，大麦，马铃薯以及水浇地在该地区的分布。

Figure 5.5. Average monthly value of thedifference between rainfall and PET, in mm

图5.5平均每月降雨和PET之间的差值，单位为毫米

Note: Based on data in Grieser et al, 2006.

Figure 5.6. Distribution of wheat,barley, and potatoes (a) and irrigated land (b)

图5.6.小麦，大麦，马铃薯（a）和灌溉地的分布（b）

(a)  (b)

Note: Figure (a) illustrates the distribution of areas growing wheat(blue), barley (yellow), both wheat and barley (light green) and potatoes(bright green), based on JRC crop masks, Vancutsem et al 2013. Figure (b)illustrates the distribution of irrigated land (pink), based on FAO, 2016.

注：图（a）说明的种植小麦（蓝色），大麦（黄色），小麦和大麦（浅绿色）和土豆（亮绿色），基于JRC作物口罩，Vancutsem等人2013年图地区分布（b）是水浇地（粉红色）的基础上，粮农组织，2016年的分配。

InKazakhstan, about 75 percent of wheat originates in three north-centralOblasts: Kostanai, Akmola, and North Kazakhstan. About 12 million hectares arecultivated with spring wheat, while only 1 million hectares—mostly confined tosouthern Kazakhstan—are used for winter wheat (about 5 percent of the output).Spring grain (also including oats and barley, an important crop in the region)is sown under low input conditions in mid-May to early June, to be harvestedfrom late August to October (Abugalieva and Peña 2010, USDA 2010, Wikipedia).In the southern countries, wheat and barley are cultivated as rainfed winter crops(e.g., Khatlon province in south-west Tajikistan). Cotton, tobacco, maize, andrice are grown only as irrigated crops in the southern areas.

在哈萨克斯坦，小麦约75％的中北部州：科斯塔奈，阿克莫拉和北哈萨克斯坦产生。大约有1200万公顷的种植春小麦，而只有一百万公顷，大多局限于哈萨克斯坦南部被用于冬小麦（输出的5％）。春粮（还包括燕麦和大麦，在该地区的一个重要的作物）在五月中旬低投入的条件下播种到六月初，从八月下旬至10月被收割（Abugalieva和佩尼亚2010年，2010 USDA，维基百科）。在南方国家，小麦和大麦作为雨水灌溉的冬季作物被种植（例如，哈特隆省西南部塔吉克斯坦）。棉花，烟草，玉米和水稻是只生长在南部地区的灌溉作物。

Asmentioned above, livestock plays a central role in the region’s extensivecereal-livestock systems (in semi-arid areas) and pastoral farming systems (in thehigh elevation areas) (Dixon et al, 2001). As shown in Table 1, permanent pastureland,whether managed or natural, exceeds arable land by a factor 5 or more. Hay andother fodder crops are actually major crops in the region (also see "feeds"in figure 5.9 below). In a report from 2001, observations for the pastoralfarming systems are that “Due toexcessive animal populations, poor pasture management and overgrazing,deterioration of natural vegetation and soil erosion are important issues. Woolproduction, which was a major output during the Soviet era, has fallendramatically since the early 1990s, while meat output has increased as farmershave reverted to the sturdy traditional meat breeds. Poverty is particularlywidespread in this (pastoral) system.”(Dixonet al, 2001.)

如上所述，家畜在该地区丰富的谷物牲畜系统中的起着核心作用（在半干旱地区）和畜牧业系统（在高海拔地区）（Dixon等人，2001年）。如表1所示，永久牧场，无论是人工或天然的，通过一个因子5以上超过耕地。干草等饲料作物实际上是该地区的主要作物（见“饲料”，在下面的图5.9）。在2001年的一份报告，对畜牧业系统的观察是，“由于过多的动物种群，可怜的牧场管理和过度放牧，天然植被和土壤侵蚀的恶化是重要的问题。羊毛的生产，这是苏联时期的主要输出，自上世纪90年代初急剧下降，而肉类产量有所增加，农民已经恢复到坚固的传统肉类品种。贫穷在这个（田园）系统中尤为普遍。“（Dixon等人，2001年）

Production andtrends

产量和趋势

Eventhough this analysis focuses on crops, in general livestock (mostly cattle andsheep) play the largest role in the agricultural economy of Central Asia. Byvalue, meat and milk exceed the importance of crops in all countries, except inTajikistan where cotton and potatoes are the leading commodities.

尽管这里重点分析作物，一般家畜（主要是牛，羊）在中亚农业经济中发挥最大的作用。按价值计算，肉类和牛奶超过作物在所有国家的比例，除了在塔吉克斯坦，它的棉花和土豆是领先的大宗商品。

Asfor crops, according to FAOSTAT data, over the last 25 years since Soviettimes, the share of wheat in cereals has increased from 56 to 78 percent forthe region, while coarse grains have decreased from 56 to 18 percent. Over thesame period, maize grew from just 10 to 33 percent, mostly at the expense ofbarley (down from 74 to 53 percent). Minor cereals (millet, sorghum, oats, andrye) continue to be widely cultivated, even if their total volume representsless than 300,000 tons and all of those cereals, with the exception of oats,are decreasing. Cultivated area for all crops, which has varied more than yieldand production (see also Figure 5.8a), has been recovering since 1999.

至于作物，据粮农组织统计数据，在过去的25年来，苏联时期，小麦谷物中的份额已增至56-78％，而粗粮已经从56下降到18％。同期，从玉米只有10％到33％的增长，主要以大麦（74〜53％的下降）为代价。杂粮（小米，高粱，燕麦和黑麦）继续被广泛种植，即使他们的总体积小于30万吨和其他所有那些谷物，除燕麦外，正在下降。所有农作物种植面积，自1999年以来复苏，这已经在产量和生产（参见图5.8A）以上。

Figure5.7 illustrates the population distribution and share of production of majorcommodities by country, while table 5.4 and Figure 5.8 show current productionvolumes and their recent variations. Figure 5.7 confirms Kazakhstan as theagricultural giant of Central Asia: its population makes up 26 percent of theregional total while the country produces 62 percent of the wheat output forthe region, as well as 80 percent of the barley, 34 percent of the maize, 41percent of the potato, and 49 percent of the oil crops output, leading tosizeable exportable surplus. Similar—but less spectacular—specialization can benoted for Kyrgyzstan, with a population that constitutes 9 percent of theregion’s, producing 17 percent of the potato and 34 percent of the maize outputin Central Asia. Actually, Kyrgyzstan is the only central Asian country whereboth potatoes and coarse grain exceed wheat production. Finally, as alreadymentioned, Uzbekistan (45 percent of the population) produces slightly morethan half the vegetables (52 percent) but as much as 70 percent of the cottonfor the region.

图5.7显示生产国主要商品的人口分布和份额，而表5.4和图5.8显示当前的产量和近期的变化。图5.7证实了哈萨克斯坦作为中亚地区的农业巨头：它的人口是区域总量的26％，而该国生产的小麦产量为全区的62％，以及80％的大麦，玉米34％，马铃薯41％，而油料作物产量的49％，导致相当大的出口盈余。类似的，但不那么引人注目的专业化可以注意到吉尔吉斯斯坦，与构成该地区的9％，生产马铃薯的17％，而在中亚玉米产量的34％人口。事实上，吉尔吉斯斯坦是唯一的中亚国家，无论土豆和粗粮超过小麦产量。最后，已经提到的，乌兹别克斯坦（人口的45％）产生略多于一半的蔬菜（52％），但棉该区域的多达70％。

Table 5.4: Production of major crops/categories in Central Asia (million tons) 表5.4：主要农作物生产/类别中亚（万吨） Figure 5.7: Population distribution and share of production of major commodities by country 图5.7：人口分布和共享生产国主要商品
Crop Production (million tons) Percentage variation All cereals 27.91 10 Wheat 21.84 5 Coarse grains 5.13 33 Barley 2.73 15 Maize 1.7 54 Millet 0.04 −16 Sorghum 0.01 −24 Rye 0.04 -40 Oats 0.23 38 Potatoes 8.11 61 Oil crops 0.98 45 Fruits 0.32 134 Vegetables 18.41 118 Fiber crops 1.65 0
Crop Production (million tons) Percentage variation
All cereals 27.91 10
Wheat 21.84 5
Coarse grains 5.13 33
Barley 2.73 15
Maize 1.7 54
Millet 0.04 −16
Sorghum 0.01 −24
Rye 0.04 -40
Oats 0.23 38
Potatoes 8.11 61
Oil crops 0.98 45
Fruits 0.32 134
Vegetables 18.41 118
Fiber crops 1.65 0
Note: Data is the 2012-2014 average (million tons) and change since 2001-2003. Source: FAOSTAT. 注：数据是2012 - 2014年平均水平（百万吨），并改变自2001 - 2003年。资料来源：粮农组织统计数据库。 Note: Data is for 2011-13, based on FAOSTAT. 注：数据是2011-13，根据粮农组织统计数据库。

Figure 5.8. Recent variations of yield,area, and production in Central Asia (ZAS)

图5.8 中亚最近产量，面积和生产在的变化（ZAS）

 
(a) Long-term variation of area, production and yields in central Asian countries (all crops) (b) Area

(c) Yield (d) Production

Note: In the figure, 2001-2003 data is taken as 1.

注意：在该图中2001-2003数据被取为1。

Thedescribed agricultural results have been achieved mostly through area increasesin Kazakhstan (Figure 5a), while all other countries are undergoing a reductionin cropped agricultural land (Figure 5(b)). This is no doubt related with theinherent risk and yield fluctuations brought about by the semi-arid conditionsand limited irrigation in Kazakhstan. The next two countries with yield andproduction increases above the regional average are Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.While still the largest cotton producer in Central Asia, Uzbekistan has apolicy of attaining self-sufficiency in wheat (IGC 2005). Turkmenistan is in astate of general deterioration of crop agriculture with areas, yield, andproduction decreasing since 2006, and only cotton showing some signs ofvitality or, more appropriately, survival.

所描述的农业取得阶段性成果主要是哈萨克斯坦（图5a）面积增加，而其他所有国家都经历着农业用地的减少（图5（b））。这无疑与半干旱的条件，并在哈萨克斯坦有限灌溉带来的固有风险和收益的波动有关。接下来的两个国家的平均单产和产量增加是塔吉克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦。在中亚地区是最大的棉花生产国，乌兹别克斯坦小麦实现自给自足的政策（2005 IGC）。土库曼斯坦是作物农业与地区，它的产量自2006年以来是下降的，只有棉花显示出生命力的迹象，或者更适合生存。

Trade

Figure 5.9. Exports (a) and imports (b) of Central Asian countries, 2013 图5.9 2013年中亚国家出口（a）和进口（b）


Note: Meat includes all meat products and eggs; sugar includes sugar as well as sugar beets, with an assumed extraction rate of 20 percent; fiber is mostly cotton and some jute; oil includes fat, butter, cheeses, oil and oil seeds assuming an extraction rate of 40 percent; coarse grains includes maize, barley, oats and other grass cereals as well as buckwheat; vegetables includes vegetables, pulses, mushrooms, peppers, etc.; fruits refers to dry and fresh fruits, nuts and tomatoes; feeds stands for all fodder and feeds including green maize; wheat products include wheat, macaroni, and flour (assumed extraction rate of 80 percent). KAZ+wh and KAZ-wh refer to Kazakhstan data with and without wheat. Computed from FAOSTAT data. 注：肉包括所有的肉类产品和鸡蛋;糖包括糖以及糖用甜菜，用20％的假定提取率;纤维主要是棉花和黄麻一些;油包括脂肪，黄油，奶酪，油和油籽假设40％的提取率;粗粮包括玉米，大麦，燕麦等谷物草以及荞麦;蔬菜，包括蔬菜，豆类，蘑菇，辣椒等;水果指干和鲜水果，坚果和西红柿;提要表示所有饲料和饲料包括绿色玉米;小麦产品包括小麦，通心粉，和面粉（80％的假设提取率）。 KAZ+ WH和KAZ-WH是指哈萨克斯坦无小麦数据。从粮农组织统计数据库数据计算。

 Close to 90 percent of agricultural exportsfrom the region are made up by Kazakh wheat (Figure 6). In 2013, the countryexported 6.9 million tons of wheat and wheat products, mostly to neighboringUzbekistan (1.7 million tons), the Russian Federation (1.1 million tons), Azerbaijan(0.9 million tons), and Tajikistan (0.9 million tons). The next importers ofKazakh wheat include Iran, Kyrgyzstan, and Afghanistan,with 500 to t 600thousand tons, and Turkey, Georgia and China buying between 100 thousand to 200thousand tons each. Fodder, coarse grains (barley and maize), and oilseed andoil come next among Kazakh exports.

该地区接近90％的农产品出口由哈萨克小麦（图6）组成。在2013年，该国出口了690万吨小麦和小麦产品，大多是卖给邻国乌兹别克斯坦（1.7万吨），俄罗斯联邦（1.1万吨），阿塞拜疆（0.9万吨），塔吉克斯坦（0.90万吨）。哈萨克小麦的进口旁包括伊朗，吉尔吉斯斯坦和阿富汗，有500到t60万吨，土耳其，格鲁吉亚和中国,每个国家采购10万-20万吨之间。饲料，粗粮（大麦和玉米），油籽和油是哈萨克的出口。

Themajor exports of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan are very similar; they includeall types of fruits (fresh, dried, and nuts) and vegetables to Kazakhstan.Kyrgyzstan, in addition, exports about 45 thousand tons of potatoes toKazakhstan. Turkmenistan again exports mostly oil seeds and cotton.

吉尔吉斯斯坦，塔吉克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦的主要出口产品是非常相似的;它们包括所有类型的水果（鲜，干和坚果），和蔬菜，都卖给哈萨克斯坦。此外，吉尔吉斯斯坦向哈萨卡斯坦出口约45000吨土豆。土库曼斯坦也大多出口油籽和棉花。

Kazakhstanimports fruits and vegetables from the three Fergana valley countries(Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan) and sausages, cigarettes, andbeverages (including milk) from Russia. The largest individual import itemsinclude 362 thousand tons of sugar from Brazil and 199 thousand tons of chickenmeat from the United States. All countries import mainly oil, sugar, and meatand, with the exception of Uzbekistan, beverages from Russia.

哈萨克斯坦从三个费尔干纳山谷国家（乌兹别克斯坦，吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦）进口水果和蔬菜，从俄罗斯进口香肠，香烟，饮料（包括牛奶）。最大的个人进口项目包括来自巴西的362000吨糖和美国的199000吨鸡肉。所有国家的进口主要是油，糖，肉类，另外乌兹别克斯坦从俄罗斯进口饮料。