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Authors: deabelle,Jingkangjian | Edit: lirui
The reporting period covers the growing season for winter crops (wheat and barley), and the planting of early maize and early rice crops at the end of the period. The beginning of the period is fallow for early and late summer crops of soybean, maize and rice. CropWatch subdivides Argentina into eight agro-ecological zones (AEZ) based on cropping systems, climatic zones, and topography; they are identified by numbers on the NDVI departure cluster map. During this monitoring period, most crops were grown in the following four AEZs: Chaco (11), Mesopotamia (12), Humid Pampas (13), and Subtropical Highlands (17). The other agro-ecological zones were less relevant for this period. Maize and soybean are planted in all these AEZs, while rice is planted in North Mesopotamia and East Chaco. Wheat is planted in Center, South and East Pampas, South Mesopotamia, Chaco, and East Subtropical Highlands. Several indices indicated poor conditions in Pampas and Mesopotamia (RADPAR, RAIN, VCIx), but the situation improved by the end of the reporting period with NDVI recovering to average or above average levels.
For the whole country, agroclimatic indicators showed a moderate reduction in BIOMSS (-6%), regular conditions for VCIx (0.77), a slight increase in CALF (3%), a higher than average CPI (1.04) showing a recovery from previous years, and no anomaly was observed in cropping intensity. Climate conditions showed negative anomalies in RAIN (-14%), a slight increase in TEMP (+0.4°C) and a slight increase in RADPAR (+3%). However, rainfall levels increased to average and above average levels in October, which provides favorable conditions for the establishment of the summer crops.
NDVI time series for the whole country showed negative anomalies from July to beginning of September and no or positive anomalies since the end of September. Some differences were observed across the different AEZs. Humid Pampas showed strong negative anomalies during July and August (around -0.1), and almost no anomalies during September and October. For Mesopotamia, a strong negative anomaly was observed at the beginning of July. Slight negative anomalies were observed in September and no or positive anomalies were identified in the rest of the reporting period. Chaco showed slight negative anomalies in July, and no or positive anomalies since August. Subtropical Highlands showed almost no anomalies during most of the reporting period and a strong positive anomaly toward the end of October. Negative NDVI anomalies that were observed in most of the regions and at national level at the beginning of the reporting period, were related to negative anomalies in rainfall observed during July, August and September. Recovery in NDVI at the end of the period can be related to strong increments in rainfall during October. Temperature showed high variability throughout the reporting period, with negative anomalies observed only in July and August and a prevalence of positive anomalies since September.
The spatial distribution of NDVI profiles identified five different profiles. The light green profile showed slight negative anomalies during most of the reporting period. It was observed mainly in Center and West Pampas, Center Chaco and Subtropical Highlands. The dark green profile showed near no NDVI anomalies during the reporting period. It was mostly observed in Center and West Pampas, South Chaco and North Subtropical Highlands and North Mesopotamia. The orange profile showed slight negative anomalies during July and August and positive anomalies since September. It was located mainly in North East Chaco. The red profile showed negative anomalies during the entire reporting period, with strong negative anomalies from end of August to beginning of October. It was observed in South and North East Pampas and South Mesopotamia. The blue profile showed positive anomalies during the entire reporting period, with values higher than 0.1 observed since the end of August. It covered most of the South West and North West boundaries of Pampas.
Maximum VCIx map reflected the situation described at national level, with most of the area showing poor and regular conditions. Lowest values were observed in Center and West Pampas. Favorable conditions in VCIx were observed in Center East and South and North boundaries of Pampas, as well as in East Chaco and West Subtropical Highlands.
Considering the main AEZs, Subtropical Highlands and Chaco showed a higher than average CALF (+17 and +7%, respectively), while Pampas and Mesopotamia showed no anomalies. VCIx showed regular to poor conditions for Pampas (0.73), regular conditions in Chaco and Mesopotamia (0.83) and favorable conditions in Subtropical Highlands (0.91). BIOMSS showed negative anomalies in Pampas and Mesopotamia (-11%), positive anomalies in Subtropical Highlands (+8%) and no anomalies in Chaco. CPI values for the current year were higher than average in Subtropical Highlands (1.27), Chaco (1.16) and Pampas (1.03), while Mesopotamia showed lower than average values (0.92). Cropping intensity showed slight positive anomalies in Subtropical Highlands (+0.9%) and Humid Pampas (+0.3), a negative anomaly in Mesopotamia (-6%) and no anomaly in Chaco. Differences in BIOMSS were related to RAIN anomalies. Mesopotamia and Pampas, which showed negative anomalies in BIOMSS, showed the strongest negative anomalies in RAIN (-27 and -11%, respectively). Chaco, which showed no anomaly in BIOMSS, had a slight reduction in RAIN (-3%). Subtropical Highlands, which showed a positive BIOMSS anomaly, also had a positive anomaly in RAIN (+18%). TEMP showed slight positive anomalies in the four AEZs: Subtropical Highlands (+0.7°), Humid Pampas (+0.6°), Mesopotamia (+0.5°) and Chaco (+0.4°). RADPAR also showed slight positive anomalies in these AEZs: Chaco (+4%), Mesopotamia (+4%), Humid Pampas (+3%) and Subtropical Highlands (+1%).
In summary, some indices in specific regions showed poor conditions for growing: BIOMSS and RAIN showed negative anomalies in Humid Pampas and Mesopotamia; Center Pampas showed poor conditions in VCIx and negative anomalies in NDVI. These conditions could have affected yield for winter crops (wheat and barley), but probably would not affect the planting and establishment of early summer crops (maize and rice) as no reductions in CALF were observed. Nevertheless, the temporal analysis showed a recovery of conditions at the end of the reporting period with reductions in negative NDVI departures, and strong increments in rainfall during October.
Figure 3.7 Argentina 's crop condition, January - April 2024
a) Phenology of major crops
b) Crop Production index (Argentina)
c) Crop condition development graph based on NDVI (Argentina)
d) Crop condition development graph based on NDVI (Humid Pampas)
e) Crop condition development graph based on NDVI (Mesopotamia)
f) Crop condition development graph based on NDVI (Chaco)
g) Crop condition development graph based on NDVI (Subtropical Highlands)
h) Time series rainfall profile (Argentina)
i) Time series temperature profile (Argentina)
j) Maximum VCI
k) Spatial distribution of NDVI profiles
Table 3.1 Argentina's agro-climatic indicators by sub-national regions, current season's values and departure from 15YA, July‐October 2024
Region | RAIN | TEMP | RADPAR | BIOMSS | ||||
Current | Departure | Current | Departure | Current | Departure | Current | Departure | |
Chaco | 234 | -3 | 18.2 | 0.4 | 966 | 4 | 630 | 0 |
Mesopotamia | 336 | -27 | 16.3 | 0.5 | 896 | 4 | 733 | -11 |
Humid Pampas | 193 | -11 | 13.3 | 0.6 | 908 | 3 | 486 | -11 |
Subtropical highlands | 170 | 18 | 16.5 | 0.7 | 1117 | 1 | 516 | 8 |
Table 3.2 Argentina's agronomic indicators by sub-national regions, current season's values and departures from 5YA, July‐October 2024
Region | CALF | Cropping Intensity | Maximum VCI | CPI | ||
Current(%) | Departure from 5YA(%) | Current(%) | Departure from 5YA(%) | Current | Current | |
Chaco | 82 | 7 | 117 | 0 | 0.83 | 1.16 |
Mesopotamia | 98 | -0 | 121 | -6 | 0.83 | 0.92 |
Humid Pampas | 72 | 1 | 127 | 0 | 0.73 | 1.03 |
Subtropical highlands | 72 | 17 | 114 | 1 | 0.91 | 1.27 |