The monitoring period for this report was July–September 2025. Leveraging the CropWatch cloud platform, which integrates multi-source satellite remote sensing data, ground observations, and meteorological data, the report systematically assessed the dynamic changes in staple grain and oil crop production in 85 countries worldwide in 2025 (detailed charts are available at http://cloud.cropwatch.com.cn/web/report/graphlist?id=313). It also analyzed the impact of extreme weather events, which significantly influence agricultural production. In addition, the platform conducted fine-scale remote sensing monitoring and verification of crop area, yield, and production in key countries, including China, the United States, India, Ukraine, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Egypt, Argentina, Brazil, and Australia. The main conclusions are summarized as follows:

From July to September 2025, the global crop production index (CroPI) reached 1.06, significantly above the baseline of 1.0, ranking as the second highest value in the past five years, only slightly below 2020’s 1.08, indicating an overall pattern of “strong in the south, stable in the north, and generally favorable.” Global croplands experienced overall dryness, with water stress risks showing a mixed pattern of “dry-heat stress coexisting with local improvements.” High-risk areas were mainly concentrated in central North America, northeastern South America, northern Africa, northern South Asia, and the northern Great Plains of North America, while low-risk areas were primarily located in the North American Corn Belt, major grain-producing regions of South America, Western Europe, and Northeast Asia. Overall, the impact of extreme weather events on major staple crops in 2025 was weaker than in the previous year. Continuous attention is still required to monitor the effects of potential La Niña events on global and regional precipitation patterns, as well as the potential impacts of non-climatic factors such as the Russia–Ukraine conflict and trade policies on the food market.

Global major and oilseed crop production in 2025 reached 3.19572 billion tons, up 45.3 million tons, or 1.4% year-on-year. Among them:

• Wheat: 803.88 million tons, down 1.96 million tons (-0.2%). The decrease was mitigated by year-on-year production increases in Australia, Argentina, Brazil, and South Africa, narrowing the reduction by 0.3 percentage points compared with the August forecast.

• Maize: 1,196.87 million tons, up 20.29 million tons (+1.7%). Favorable late-season agro-meteorological conditions in the United States contributed significantly to global maize production growth.

• Rice: 811.28 million tons, up 17.4 million tons (+2.2%).

• Soybeans: 383.69 million tons, up 9.58 million tons (+2.6%), slightly exceeding the August forecast.

China’s grain production remained generally stable, maintaining historically high levels. Using the latest satellite remote sensing and ground measurement data to verify summer, early-rice, and total annual production, China’s total grain output in 2025 is estimated at 681.3 million tons, down 4.18 million tons (-0.6%) year-on-year. Among them:

• Summer crops: 145.16 million tons, up 0.19 million tons (+0.1%).

• Early rice: 28.32 million tons, up 0.97 million tons (+3.5%).

Adverse weather during the autumn harvest, such as prolonged overcast and rainfall, caused waterlogging in some regions, while excessive soil moisture in areas such as the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Shaanxi, and Shanxi hindered harvesting and drying of maize and other crops. As a result, autumn crop production is estimated at 507.82 million tons, down 5.29 million tons (-1.0%) year-on-year. The yields of maize, middle rice, and late rice all declined compared with the previous year, while favorable agro-climatic conditions in China’s main soybean-producing regions led to an estimated soybean output of 19.15 million tons, up 0.5 million tons (+2.7%).

Notably, prolonged overcast and rainfall during the autumn harvest not only affected crop filling, harvesting, and grain quality but also posed significant challenges to the sowing of winter wheat. Regions such as the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain will need to respond scientifically to the delayed wheat sowing period.