Global production of major cereal and oilseed crops (maize, rice, wheat and soybean) reached 3.31332 billion tons, an increase of 52.48 million tons or approximately 1.6% year-on-year (Appendix A.1.1). Among the four major crops, global wheat output stood at 822.66 million tons, a decrease of 4.41 million tons or 0.5% compared to the previous year; maize production reached 1196.29 million tons, up by 21.34 million tons or 1.8% year-on-year. Favorable weather conditions during the late growing-season in the United States drove increased maize output, making it the primary contributor to global maize production growth; rice production amounted to 858.23 million tons, up by 22.38 million tons or 2.7% year-on-year; Soybean production reached 436.14 million tons, up 13.16 million tons or 3.1% year-on-year. 

(1) Global maize production increased by 1.8% year-on-year

Global maize production in 2025 reached  1196.29 million tons, an increase of 1.8% year-on-year. This growth primarily stems from production recovery and expansion in countries such as the United States, South Africa, and Ukraine. As the world's largest maize producer, the United States saw a significant increase to 405 million tons, an 8.9% year-on-year rise, serving as the key driver of global maize growth. South Africa's maize production recovered from earlier drought impacts, rising to 11.75 million tons, a 10.1% year-on-year increase. Ukraine's maize output also showed signs of recovery, climbing 7.1% year-on-year to 43.73 million tons. Brazil's maize output remained stable, showing a marginal 0.2% year-on-year increase.

However, production declined in some other major producing countries. Affected by crop rotation adjustments or adverse weather conditions, China's maize output is projected at 263 million tons, down 1.6% year-on-year. Argentina's maize production fell to 49.26 million tons, a 11.4% year-on-year decrease.

(2) Overall Positive Rice Production Outlook

Among major producers, India's rice output reached 256.94 million tons, a 6.4% year-on-year increase, significantly contributing to global rice production growth. Production trends diverged across Southeast Asia: Indonesia and Vietnam saw rice production rise by 4.7% and 6.0% year-on-year, respectively; Thailand, however, faced adverse factors, resulting in a 2.6% year-on-year decline to 37.41 million tons. The Philippines experienced a slight 0.6% year-on-year decrease in total rice output due to typhoon-induced damage to yield per unit area.

China's rice production reached 211.33 million tons, showing a marginal 0.4% year-on-year increase. Among South American nations, Brazil's rice output increased by 12.7% year-on-year to 12.85 million tons; Argentina's rice production, though smaller in scale, declined by 3.6%. Additionally, rice production in the United States, Russia, and Bangladesh all showed growth, with year-on-year increases of 3.8%, 0.7%, and 0.7%, respectively.

(3) Global wheat production decreased by 0.5% year-on-year

Major producing countries in the Northern Hemisphere faced widespread production pressures, leading to slightly tighter global supply. Russia, the United States, and Canada saw wheat production decline by 1.3%, 2.1%, and 3.5% year-on-year, respectively. Kazakhstan experienced a significant drop of 13.7%. In Europe, France's wheat output was at 43.47 million tons, a marginal decrease of 0.3%, while Germany's production increased by 1.9%. China's wheat production remained stable overall, reaching 137.74 million tons, a slight increase of 0.4% year-on-year.

Wheat production in the Southern Hemisphere fared relatively better. Argentina's wheat output reached 21.84 million tons, a substantial 11.2% year-on-year increase; Australia's wheat production is projected at 28.81 million tons, up 3.5% year-on-year. In the Middle East, Iran and Turkey saw wheat production decline by 11.0% and 2.8% respectively; Egypt's wheat output was 11.14 million tons, down 1.4% year-on-year.

(4) Soybean Production Shows Growth Trend

Global soybean production in 2025 increased by 3.1% year-on-year. South America, as the core production region, demonstrated robust performance: Brazil's soybean output continued to climb to 164.63 million tons, up 7.8% year-on-year, further solidifying its position as a major global soybean supplier; Argentina's soybean production reached 52.64 million tons, a 4.3% year-on-year increase.

In the Northern Hemisphere, China's soybean output reached 19.15 million tons, up 2.7% year-on-year, with production conditions continuing to improve. In contrast, U.S. soybean production, affected by fluctuations in yield or acreage, is projected at 136 million tons, down 1.5% year-on-year. India's soybean output remained stable, with a slight decrease of 0.5% year-on-year. Overall, the significant production increases in South American countries effectively offset reductions in some regions, ensuring a relaxed supply pattern in the global soybean market.